Application of Lipase in the Fields of Catalytic Synthesis and Food Processing

Enzymes have unparalleled advantages over ordinary catalysts and have been widely used in food, medicine, textile, detergent and cosmetics industries. Most of these applications are performed in aqueous solution, but many valuable products are insoluble in water, and there are many useful compounds that cannot be synthesized by ordinary chemical methods. Therefore, people want to find a suitable method to produce these high-value products.

There are two approaches to the development of enzyme engineering: one is to modify the enzyme itself, such as protein engineering; the other is to modify the reaction medium, such as the use of non-aqueous media, supercritical fluids, etc., that is, solvent engineering. In 1984, ZaksA and Klibanov A. M first published research reports on the catalytic behavior and thermal stability of lipases in organic phase media, which caused widespread concern. A new branch of traditional enzymology is rapidly emerging, namely non-aqueous enzymology. Now non-aqueous enzymatic methods have shown broad application prospects in peptide synthesis, polymer synthesis, drug synthesis, and stereoisomer resolution. The catalytic role of enzymes in organic media has greatly broadened the scope of enzyme applications, and is a significant area of research in enzyme engineering.

Study on organic phase lipase catalytic synthesis technology
The enzymes currently used in non-aqueous media include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, and isomerases.Among them, lipase is one of the most widely used and catalyzed enzymes in the organic phase . Lipase is one of the commonly used enzymes in industry. Studies have shown that it can catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of oils and other esters in aqueous solution, and it can also catalyze the reverse reaction of hydrolysis reaction, namely ester synthesis reaction and transesterification reaction, in organic medium. This property of lipase shows that it has great application potential in organic synthesis. As a biocatalyst, lipase can be obtained by fermentation technology, and has now been commercialized. Such as the lipase products produced by Creative Enzymes are greatly welcomed.

Application of organic phase lipase catalytic synthesis technology in food and related fields

Organic phase lipase catalysis has broad application prospects in food, pharmaceutical, fine chemical, organic synthesis and other fields. Countries around the world attach great importance to the technology of organic phase lipase catalytic synthesis of active substances. The application research of organic phase lipase catalytic synthesis technology in food and related fields mainly has the following aspects.

1 Natural antioxidants and healthy food

Unsaturated fats such as EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid are beneficial to people’s health, and have great potential for application in food, cosmetics, and medicine. But in fact, the current application is still very limited, because these unsaturated fatty acids are very easy to oxidize, make the oil produce odor, and have toxic side effects. Lipase-catalyzed reactions are more suitable than chemical reactions due to their high selectivity and mild reaction conditions, and they avoid substrate changes. Fatty acid VC ester, itself can be used as a nutritional additive, emulsifier, or an effective antioxidant, which has a good protective effect on itself or other unsaturated fatty acids.

2 Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a type of fatty acid monoester made from natural vegetable oils. It has the advantages of clean, renewable and safe. It is a real green energy and can completely replace mineral oil as fuel. At present, biodiesel is mainly produced by chemical methods, that is, transesterification of animal and vegetable fats and low-carbon alcohols such as methanol or ethanol under acidic or alkaline catalysts and high temperatures (230-250 ° C) to generate corresponding fatty acid methyl ester or ethyl ester, and then washed and dried to obtain biodiesel. Chemical synthesis of biodiesel has the following disadvantages: complicated process, excessive alcohol, high energy consumption, deep color, fat contains unsaturated fatty acids, and it is easy to deteriorate at high temperature. In order to solve the above problems, people began to study the bio-enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel and the preparation of corresponding fatty acid esters. Enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel has the advantages of mild conditions, low alcohol consumption, and no pollutant emissions; by-product glycerol is easier to recover and easy to operate; free fatty acids in the reaction can be completely converted into esters.

3 Natural flavor substances
Short-chain fatty acids such as ethyl or isoamyl esters have strong fruit flavors, and are widely used as flavors and flavors in food, beverages, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Due to the low yield and high price of natural flavor esters produced by natural extracts or fermentation methods, it is difficult to commercialize them. Currently, research is being conducted on the use of lipase-catalyzed synthesis technology to meet the increasing demand for natural flavor substances. This method is more specialized than chemical methods and has higher yields than microbial fermentation methods.

There have been many reports on the research of non-aqueous lipase synthesis technology in food and related fields, but most of them are still in the basic research stage of application. There are not many industrialized attempts of lipase-catalyzed synthesis. With the development of genetic engineering and enzyme engineering, the cost of lipase will continue to decrease. Enzyme activity and stability continue to increase. The superiority of enzymatic clean production will definitely promote breakthrough development in this field. Organic phase lipase-catalyzed biotransformation technology represents the future development of the industry.

Classification and Mechanism of Cellulase

Cellulase is a general term for enzymes with the ability to degrade cellulose. They work together to break down cellulose. All microorganisms that can use crystalline cellulose can secrete cellulases to a greater or lesser degree. These enzymes have different specificities and modes of action. Different cellulases can more effectively degrade cellulose with complex structure. Cellulase mainly comes from fungi and bacteria, and fungal cellulase production is relatively high (20g / L).

Classification of cellulases

Endoglucanase: It can arbitrarily break β-1,4 glycosidic bonds inside the cellulase molecule.

Exoglucanase or cellobiosidase: It can sequentially cleave β-1,4 glycosidic bonds from the non-reducing end of fiber molecules to release cellobiose molecules.

β-glucosidase: It can break down cellobiose and other low molecular fiber dextrin into glucose.

Irwin et al. Found in 1993 that virtually any enzyme cannot lyse crystalline cellulose alone when decomposing crystalline cellulose. Only the three enzymes coexist and cooperate to complete the hydrolysis process.

a. Mechanism of Cellulase

While cellulase can improve the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose, it can promote the dissolution of plant cell walls to dissolve more soluble substances in plant cells and degrade the non-digestible macromolecular polysaccharides, proteins and lipids into small molecules are beneficial to the digestion and absorption of the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

Cellulase preparations can activate the secretion of endogenous enzymes and supplement the deficiency of endogenous enzymes. And adjust the endogenous enzymes to ensure the normal digestion and absorption of animals, in order to play a role in preventing disease and promoting growth.

Eliminate anti-nutritional factors and promote healthy growth of organisms. After the hemicellulose and pectin are partially dissolved in water, a viscous solution will be produced, which will increase the viscosity of digestion and cause obstacles to endogenous enzymes. The addition of cellulase can reduce the viscosity, increase the diffusion of endogenous enzymes, and increase the contact between enzymes and nutrients. Area to promote good digestion of feed.

The cellulase preparation itself is a multi-enzyme complex consisting of protease, amylase, pectinase, and cellulase. In this multi-enzyme complex system, the product of one enzyme can become another enzyme. Substrate, so that digestion in the digestive tract can proceed smoothly. In other words, in addition to directly degrading cellulose and promoting its decomposition into low-molecular compounds that are easily digested and absorbed by animals, cellulase also works with other enzymes to improve the decomposition and digestion of feed nutrients by cows.

Cellulase also has the function of maintaining the small intestinal villi morphology and promoting the absorption of nutrients.

b. Applications

Food industry: Cellulase is used for peeling in the processing of soybean paste, which greatly reduces the cost while improving product quality. The use of cellulase can also improve the baking and nutritional quality of the noodle products and extend the shelf life. Fruit and vegetables contain a lot of cellulose. If you use traditional methods to process fruits and vegetables, it will destroy the taste and loss of nutrition. However, if treated with cellulase, the plant tissue will be softened and good for absorbing by the body. Therefore, the use of food-grade enzyme preparations for the effective degradation of fruits can increase the yield of juices, improve the color of the products and increase the stability.

Brewing industry: Cellulase is used in beer fermentation. Addition of cellulase to a small amount of barley germination can effectively degrade β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, thus aiding the germination of barley. In addition, cellulase can also degrade distiller’s grains and increase beer filtration efficiency. The cellulase acts directly on the plant cell wall and can increase the reaction speed during vinegar fermentation, and the output of the main product also increases.

Feed industry: Cellulase can be used for saccharification of various cellulosic raw materials. When the amount of cellulase added is 0.1% to 0.3%, it can decompose structurally complex cellulose for the production of protein feed and increase the source of feed. Cellulase can degrade cellulose that is not easily digested in feed into sugar and bacterial protein, which improves the utilization rate and value of feed and utilization. At the same time, it can increase the appetite of animals and promote the growth and development.

Other industries: The proper treatment of pulp with cellulase can increase the production of microfibers and improve the water retention, and may increase the paper’s tensile strength. Fabrics with the treatment of cellulase has the characteristics of smoothness, clear pattern, good drape, and strong hygroscopicity

The Role of Biological Enzymes in the Textile Printing and Dyeing Industry

What is a biological enzyme? A biological enzyme is a non-toxic, harmless, and environmentally friendly biocatalyst. Accelerating the development of various biological enzyme preparations can solve some problems, minimize the decline in fiber strength, and low efficiency of enzyme preparations. It can also help develop high-temperature resistant enzyme species and expand the scope of protease applications.

Advantages of Biological Enzymes

Bioenzyme is a non-toxic, harmless and environmentally friendly biocatalyst. Biological enzymes have great advantages:

As a biocatalyst, it is non-toxic and harmless;
Mild processing conditions and specific functions during the production process;
Less consumption and cost savings;
The enzyme released after the reaction can continue to catalyze another reaction; 5. The pollution produced is easy to handle.

The Purpose of Biological Treatment

The biological treatment of the enzyme preparation is mainly a biochemical treatment process using a specific enzyme preparation to the yarn surface. The purpose of biological treatment is:

1.Clean the surface of the fabric and reduce surface fluff; prevent the pilling of the fabric;

2.Improve the feel of the fabric; improve the drape of the fabric;

Improve the water absorption of the fabric;
Improve the affinity of fabrics and dyes, color rate and shade.

Types of biological enzyme preparations

After more than a century of research by scientists, biological enzyme preparations have been recognized by more than 3,000. At present, the most widely used enzyme preparations in textile printing and dyeing are mainly cellulase, protease, amylase, pectinase, lipase, Eight categories of peroxidase, laccase, glucose oxidase:

Cellulase. Cellulose is a multi-component enzyme system composed of various enzymes with different catalytic properties. It is generally believed that cellulase is mainly composed of CBI`, CBHa and glucosidase, and these enzymes have a synergistic effect in the hydrolysis of cellulose.
Pectinase mainly consists of pectin lyase, pectin esterase, polygalacturonase and pectate lyase.
Lipases can hydrolyze fats into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be further oxidized to sugars.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposing enzyme. Catalase is a redox enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen.
Proteases secreted by microorganisms vary greatly depending on the bacteria used, but they are generally the same, that is, the protein is decomposed into peptides by proteases, and the peptides are hydrolyzed to generate amino acids.
Amylase is a general term for enzymes that hydrolyze starch and glycogen. Generally, amylase is used to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch slurry on fabrics. Due to the high efficiency and specificity of amylase, the desizing rate of enzyme desizing is high and desizing is fast. Less pollution, the product is softer than the acid method, and does not damage the fiber.
Laccase, glucose oxidase. Laccase is an oxidoreductase. There is a genetically modified Aspergillus niger laccase, which can be used for the distressing finishing process of denim clothing. The obtained fabric has a thick feel, a smooth surface, a bright color, and an elegant appearance. Glucose oxidase is mainly used for bleaching and finishing of fabrics. This enzyme treatment is very effective in the production of hydrogen peroxide. The treatment does not require the addition of hydrogen peroxide stabilizers.

Why Everyone Should Buy a Massager for Muscle Knots?

You will have muscle knots on the body when the muscle fibers known as fascia underneath them tighten. You can easily treat the knots at home with a proper massage. That is the reason people are using a massager for muscle knots nowadays. This type of massager is a handheld device that looks similar to a jigsaw and used for applying pulses of concentrated pressure deep into the muscle tissue. This device has a foam ball that moves in back and forth motion and strikes the muscles repeatedly for providing relief. A massager provides various benefits and looks at some of the key reasons why you should this device.

Easy in using and convenient

Massager for muscle knots is a handheld device that runs on battery, cordless, portable, lightweight, and very easy to use. When the position of the massage head is angled at 15-degree, you can hold the massager comfortably and reach all areas of the body including feet, legs, chest, arms, back, spine and neck. Without taking help from another person, you will be enjoying a professional-grade percussive therapy in the comfort of your home.

By sitting at your place, you can experience full-body relief. You need not have to visit your massage therapist every week for treating stiff joints, knots, and muscle spasms. The massager has a powerful head that presses the sore spots and large knots to loosen them while instigating blood flow. In this way, it speeds up the recovery process and reduces inflammation. More importantly, you can able to save a lot of money on chiropractic treatment.

High-speed strokes work on all body parts and easy to carry

A massager for muscle knots comprises a high-speed motor that can create 1400 to 3200 strokes in a minute depending on the speed settings. The device penetrates deeper into the muscle that helps to get rid of the knots. This type of device has multiple frequencies so that you can adjust according to your specific requirements.

This type of massager comes with various interchangeable massage heads that are mainly designed for different body parts. The most common shapes of massage heads are bullet, fork, flat and round. A round head is mainly used for large muscle groups, a flat head is used for smaller parts of the body, bullet head is specifically used for deep tissue, joints, and trigger points on the body, and lastly, the fork is used for muscle groups like spine and neck. Always buy a massager that has interchangeable heads. Whether it is a calf, thigh, spine, neck, or back, you can work out muscle knots in any area of your body.

Many trainers have been using massagers for a long time on professional athletes. This type of massager is very easy for transportation and comes with a handheld, convenient, durable, and lightweight case having organized foam sections for protecting each component that can be easily carried along with you.